Индикаторы и стратегии
Separated Moving Average - evoHere are two moving averages, one based on positive candles and the other based on negative candles. If the current bar is positive, the negative MA will use its last known negative bar for the calculation. The default setting uses Heikin Ashi to smooth the candles with the trend, you can turn this off if you want in inputs.
Let me know if you find it useful :)
RedK_Supply/Demand Volume Viewer v1Background
============
VolumeViewer is a volume indicator, that offers a simple way to estimate the movement and balance (or lack of) of supply & demand volume based on the shape of the price bar. i put this together few years ago and i have a version of this published for another platform under different names (Directional Volume, BetterVolume) in case you come across them
what is V.Viewer
=====================
The idea here is to find a "simple proxy" for estimating the demand or supply portions of a volume bar - these 2 forces have the potential to affect the current price trend so we want an easy way to track them - or to understand if a stock is in accumulation or distribution - we want to do this without having access to Level II or bid/ask data, and without having to get into the complexity of exploring the lower timeframe price & volume data
- to achieve that, we depend on a simple assumption, that the volume associated with an up move is "demand" and the volume associated with a down move is "Supply". so we basically extrapolate these supply and demand values based on how the bar looks like - a full "green" price bar / candle will be considered 100% demand, and a full "red" price bar will be considered 100% supply - a bar that opens and closes at the same level will be 50/50 split between supply & demand.
- you may say this is a "too simple" of an assumption to make, but believe me, it works :) at least at the basic scenario we need here: i'm just exploring the volume movement and finding key levels - and it provides a good improvement compared to the classic way we see volume on a chart - which is still available here in VolumeViewer.
in all cases, i consider this to be work in progress, so i'd welcome any ideas to improve (without getting too complicated) - there's already a host of great volume-based indicators that will do the multi timeframe drill down, but that's not my scope here.
Technical Jargon & calculation
===========================
1. first we calculate a score % for the volume portion that is considered demand based on the bar shape
skip this part if it sounds too technical => if you're into coding indicators, you would probably know there are couple of different concepts for that algorithm - for example, the one used in Balance Of Power formula - which i'm a big fan of - but the one i use here is different. (how?) this is my own, ant it simply applies double weight for the "wick" parts of a price bar compared to the "body of the bar" -- i did some side-by-side comparison in past and decided this one works better. you can change it in the code if you like
2. after calculating the Bull vs Bears portion of volume, we take a moving average of both for the length you set, to come up with what we consider to be the Demand vs Supply - as usual, i use a weighted moving average (WMA) here.
3. the balance or net volume between these 2 lines is calculated, then we apply a final smoothing and that's the main plot we will get
4. being a very visual person, i did my best to build up the visuals in the correct order - then also to ensure the "study title" bar is properly organized and is simple and useful (Full Volume, Supply, Demand, Net Volume).
- i wish there was a way in Pine to hide a value that i still need to visually plot but don't want it showing its value on the study title bar, but couldn't find it. so the last plot value is repeated twice.
How to use
===========
- V.Viewer is set up to show the simplified view by default for simplicity. so when you first add it to a chart, you will get only the supply vs demand view you can see in the middle pane in the above chart
- Optional / detailed mode: go into the settings, and expose all other plots, you will be able to add the classic volume histogram, and the Supply / Demand lines - note these 2 lines will be overlay-ed on top of each other - this provides an easy way to see who is in control - especially if you change the display of these 2 lines into "area" style. This is what is showing in the lower pane in the above chart.
** Exploring Key Price Levels
- the premise is, at spots where there's big lack of balance, that's where to expect to find key price levels (support / resistance) and these price levels will come into play in future so can be used to set entry / exit targets for our trades - see the example in the AAPL chart where you can easily locate these "balance or reversal levels" using the tops/bottoms/zero-crossings from the Net Volume line
** Use for longer-term Price Analysis
- we can also use this simple indicator to gain more insights (at a high level) of the price in terms of accumulation vs distribution and if the sellers or buyers are in control - for example, in the above AAPL chart, V.Viewer tells us that buyers have been in control since October 19 - even during the recent drop, demand continued to be in play - compare that to DIS chart below for the same period, where it shows that the market was dumping DIS thru the weakness. DIS was bleeding red most of the time
Final thoughts
=============
- V.Viewer is an attempt to enhance the way we see and use Volume by leveraging the shape of the price bar to estimate volume supply & demand - and the Net between the 2
- it will work for stocks and other instruments as long as there's volume data
- note that V.Viewer does not track trend. each bar is taken in isolation of prior bars - the price may be going down and V.Viewer is showing supply going up (absorption scenario?) - so i suggest you do not use it to make decisions without consulting other trend / momentum indicators - of course this is a possible improvement idea, or can be implemented in another indicator, add in trend somehow, or maybe think of making this a +100 / -100 Oscillator .. feel free to play with these thoughts
- all thoughts welcome - if this is useful to you in your trading, please share with other trades here to learn from each other
- the code is commented - please feel free to use it as you like, or build things on top of it - but please continue to credit the author of this code :)
good luck!
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Fancy Bollinger Bands [BigBitsIO]This script is for a Bollinger Band type indicator with as many features as I can possibly fit into a Bollinger Band type indicator.
Features:
- A single custom moving average serving as the middle band.
- Standard MA inputs.
- MA type.
- MA period.
- MA price.
- MA resolution (time frame).
- Visibility toggle.
- MA Candle Type
- Fancy MA inputs.
- Toggle to show only candles included in the MA calculation ("Highlight inclusion") or display entire MA history.
- Toggle to show a ghost trail when Highlight inclusion is toggled on. Displays a shaded version of past MA history before the inclusion period (as seen on snapshot).
- Toggle to show forecast values for the MA.
- Other inputs related to forecasting:
- Forecast bias. (Neutral forecasts MA if the current price remains the same.)
- Forecast period.
- Forecast magnitude.
- Toggle showing details on the screen
- Toggle the visibility of the fill between the upper and lower bands.
- Toggle to use ATR instead of the standard deviation to calculate the location of the upper and lower bands.
- Custom input for the ATR period.
A couple of quick notes. The label will only show up if toggled on, and will always show above the highest of either the candle high or upper band. The fill colors are based on the level of %B currently on the indicator. Higher levels are green, and brighter green, while lower levels are red and brighter red. The fill is lighter in shadow areas to reflect their status as not being included in the middle band calculation.
*** DISCLAIMER: For educational and entertainment purposes only. Nothing in this content should be interpreted as financial advice or a recommendation to buy or sell any sort of security or investment including all types of crypto. DYOR, TYOB. ***
Vortex MTFUnderstanding Vortex Indicator (VI)
The vortex indicator was first developed by Etienne Botes and Douglas Siepman who introduced the concept in the January 2010 edition of “Technical Analysis of Stocks & Commodities.” The vortex indicator is based on two trendlines: VI+ and VI-.
What is the Vortex Indicator (VI)?
A vortex indicator (VI) is an indicator composed of two lines - an uptrend line (VI+) and a downtrend line (VI-). These lines are typically colored green and red respectively. A vortex indicator is used to spot trend reversals and confirm current trends.
Vortex Indicator Calculations
The calculation for the indicator is divided into four parts.
1. True range (TR) is the greatest of:
Current high minus current low
Current high minus previous close
Current low minus previous close
2. Uptrend and downtrend movement:
VM+ = Absolute value of current high minus prior low
VM- = Absolute value of current low minus prior high
3. Parameter length (n)
Decide on a parameter length (between 14 and 30 days is common)
Sum the last n period’s true range, VM+ and VM-:
Sum of the last n periods’ true range = SUM TRn
Sum of the last n periods’ VM+ = SUM VMn+
Sum of the last n periods’ VM- = SUM VMn−
4. Create the trendlines VI+ and VI-
SUM VMn+/SUM TRn = VIn+
SUM VMn-/SUM TRn = VIn−
Repeating this process daily forms the VI+ and VI- trendlines.
The traditional application of using VI- and VI+ crossovers can result in a number of false trade signals when price action is choppy. Increase the number of periods used in the indicator to reduce this, for example, using 25 periods instead of 14.
What is MTF?
Multiple Time Frame Analysis is the technique of analyzing several time frames of the same asset before entering a trade. This type of analysis is best done using a top-down approach, i.e. starting at a higher time frame and working your way down, via several lower time frames, until the execution time frame is reached where a trade could be entered. Traders who use this technique usually look at 3 or 4 different time frames to identify the general trend and find the best entries. They minimize their risk and improve the odds of success simply by taking the bigger picture into account. It can easily be combined with any trading strategy.
Time frames are usually several times apart. For example a day trader who trades hourly charts, could analyse the weekly (high time frame), the daily (7 times smaller), the 4 hour (6 times smaller) and finally the hourly time frame (execution time frame, 4 times smaller). TradingView has a chart layout feature with multiple charts per layout, so you can analyse an asset on multiple time frames under one tab in your browser.
Summary
With MTF, you can see the Vortex indicator values for a specific time period without changing the graph time period.
Stochastic Heat MapA series of 28 stochastic oscillators plotted horizontally and stacked vertically from bottom to top as the oscillator background.
Each oscillator has been interpreted and the value has been used to colour the lines in.
Lower lines are shorter term stochastics and higher lines are longer term stochastics.
The average of the 28 stochastics has been taken and then used to plot the fast oscillator line, which also has a slow oscillator line to follow.
The oscillator line can be used to colour in the candles.
Inputs:
MA: multiple smoothing methods
Theme: multiple colours
Increment: stochastic length start and increments
Smooth Fast: smooth fast length
Smooth Slow: smooth slow length
Paint Bars: colour candles
Waves: toggle method to weight/increment stochastics
Heat map shows momentum extremes:
Bar Balance [LucF]Bar Balance extracts the number of up, down and neutral intrabars contained in each chart bar, revealing information on the strength of price movement. It can display stacked columns representing raw up/down/neutral intrabar counts, or an up/down balance line which can be calculated and visualized in many different ways.
WARNING: This is an analysis tool that works on historical bars only. It does not show any realtime information, and thus cannot be used to issue alerts or for automated trading. When realtime bars elapse, the indicator will require a browser refresh, a change to its Inputs or to the chart's timeframe/symbol to recalculate and display information on those elapsed bars. Once a trader understands this, the indicator can be used advantageously to make discretionary trading decisions.
Traders used to work with my Delta Volume Columns Pro will feel right at home in this indicator's Inputs . It has lots of options, allowing it to be used in many different ways. If you value the bar balance information this indicator mines, I hope you will find the time required to master the use of Bar Balance well worth the investment.
█ OVERVIEW
The indicator has two modes: Columns and Line .
Columns
• In Columns mode you can display stacked Up/Down/Neutral columns.
• The "Up" section represents the count of intrabars where `close > open`, "Down" where `close < open` and "Neutral" where `close = open`.
• The Up section always appears above the centerline, the Down section below. The Neutral section overlaps the centerline, split halfway above and below it.
The Up and Down sections start where the Neutral section ends, when there is one.
• The Up and Down sections can be colored independently using 7 different methods.
• The signal line plotted in Line mode can also be displayed in Columns mode.
Line
• Displays a single balance line using a zero centerline.
• A variable number of independent methods can be used to calculate the line (6), determine its color (5), and color the fill (5).
You can thus evaluate the state of 3 different components with this single line.
• A "Divergence Levels" feature will use the line to automatically draw expanding levels on divergence events.
Features available in both modes
• The color of all components can be selected from 15 base colors, with 16 gradient levels used for each base color in the indicator's gradients.
• A zero line can show a 6-state aggregate value of the three main volume balance modes.
• The background can be colored using any of 5 different methods.
• Chart bars can be colored using 5 different methods.
• Divergence and large neutral count ratio events can be shown in either Columns or Line mode, calculated in one of 4 different methods.
• Markers on 6 different conditions can be displayed.
█ CONCEPTS
Intrabar inspection
Intrabar inspection means the indicator looks at lower timeframe bars ( intrabars ) making up a given chart bar to gather its information. If your chart is on a 1-hour timeframe and the intrabar resolution determined by the indicator is 5 minutes, then 12 intrabars will be analyzed for each chart bar and the count of up/down/neutral intrabars among those will be tallied.
Bar Balances and calculation methods
The indicator uses a variety of methods to evaluate bar balance and to derive other calculations from them:
1. Balance on Bar : Uses the relative importance of instant Up and Down counts on the bar.
2. Balance Averages : Uses the difference between the EMAs of Up and Down counts.
3. Balance Momentum : Starts by calculating, separately for both Up and Down counts, the difference between the same EMAs used in Balance Averages and an SMA of double the period used for the EMAs. These differences are then aggregated and finally, a bounded momentum of that aggregate is calculated using RSI.
4. Markers Bias : It sums the bull/bear occurrences of the four previous markers over a user-defined period (the default is 14).
5. Combined Balances : This is the aggregate of the instant bull/bear bias of the three main bar balances.
6. Dual Up/Down Averages : This is a display mode showing the EMA calculated for each of the Up and Down counts.
Interpretation of neutral intrabars
What do neutral intrabars mean? When price does not change during a bar, it can be because there is simply no interest in the market, or because of a perfect balance between buyers and sellers. The latter being more improbable, Bar Balance assumes that neutral bars reveal a lack of interest, which entails uncertainty. That is the reason why the option is provided to interpret ratios of neutral intrabars greater than 50% as divergences. It is also the rationale behind the option to dampen signal lines on the inverse ratio of neutral intrabars, so that zero intrabars do not affect the signal, and progressively larger proportions of neutral intrabars will reduce the signal's amplitude, as the balance calcs using the up/down counts lose significance. The impact of the dampening will vary with markets. Weaker markets such as cryptos will often contain greater numbers of neutral intrabars, so dampening the Line in that sector will have a greater impact than in more liquid markets.
█ FEATURES
1 — Columns
• While the size of the Up/Down columns always represents their respective importance on the bar, their coloring mode is independent. The default setup uses a standard coloring mode where the Up/Down columns over/under the zero line are always in the bull/bear color with a higher intensity for the winning side. Six other coloring modes allow you to pack more information in the columns. When choosing to color the top columns using a bull/bear gradient on Balance Averages, for example, you will end up with bull/bear colored tops. In order for the color of the bottom columns to continue to show the instant bar balance, you can then choose the "Up/Down Ratio on Bar — Dual Solid Colors" coloring mode to make those bars the color of the winning side for that bar.
• Line mode shows only the line, but Columns mode allows displaying the line along with it. If the scale of the line is different than that of the scale of the columns, the line will often appear flat. Traders may find even a flat line useful as its bull/bear colors will be easily distinguishable.
2 — Line
• The default setup for Line mode uses a calculation on "Balance Momentum", with a fill on the longer-term "Balance Averages" and a line color based on the "Markers Bias". With the background set on "Line vs Divergence Levels" and the zero line on the hard-coded "Combined Bar Balances", you have access to five distinct sources of information at a glance, to which you can add divergences, divergences levels and chart bar coloring. This provides powerful potential in displaying bar balance information.
• When no columns are displayed, Line mode can show the full scale of whichever line you choose to calculate because the columns' scale no longer interferes with the line's scale.
• Note that when "Balance on Bar" is selected, the Neutral count is also displayed as a ratio of the balance line. This is the only instance where the Neutral count is displayed in Line mode.
• The "Dual Up/Down Averages" is an exception as it displays two lines: one average for the Up counts and another for the Down counts. This mode will be most useful when Columns are also displayed, as it provides a reference for the top and bottom columns.
3 — Zero Line
The zero line can be colored using two methods, both based on the Combined Balances, i.e., the aggregate of the instant bull/bear bias of the three main bar balances.
• In "Six-state Dual Color Gradient" mode, a dot appears on every bar. Its color reflects the bull/bear state of the Combined Balances, and the dot's brightness reflects the tally of balance biases.
• In "Dual Solid Colors (All Bull/All Bear Only)" a dot only appears when all three balances are either bullish or bearish. The resulting pattern is identical to that of Marker 1.
4 — Divergences
• Divergences are displayed as a small circle at the top of the scale. Four different types of divergence events can be detected. Divergences occur whenever the bull/bear bias of the method used diverges with the bar's price direction.
• An option allows you to include in divergence events instances where the count of neutral intrabars exceeds 50% of the total intrabar count.
• The divergence levels are dynamic levels that automatically build from the line's values on divergence events. On consecutive divergences, the levels will expand, creating a channel. This implementation of the divergence levels corresponds to my view that divergences indicate anomalies, hesitations, points of uncertainty if you will. It excludes any association of a pre-determined bullish/bearish bias to divergences. Accordingly, the levels merely take note of divergence events and mark those points in time with levels. Traders then have a reference point from which they can evaluate further movement. The bull/bear/neutral colors used to plot the levels are also congruent with this view in that they are determined by price's position relative to the levels, which is how I think divergences can be put to the most effective use.
5 — Background
• The background can show a bull/bear gradient on four different calculations. You can adjust its brightness to make its visual importance proportional to how you use it in your analysis.
6 — Chart bars
• Chart bars can be colored using five different methods.
• You have the option of emptying the body of bars where volume does not increase, as does my TLD indicator, the idea behind this being that movement on bars where volume does not increase is less relevant.
7 — Intrabar Resolution
You can choose between three modes. Two of them are automatic and one is manual:
a) Fast, Longer history, Auto-Steps (~12 intrabars) : Optimized for speed and deeper history. Uses an average minimum of 12 intrabars.
b) More Precise, Shorter History Auto-Steps (~24 intrabars) : Uses finer intrabar resolution. It is slower and provides less history. Uses an average minimum of 24 intrabars.
c) Fixed : Uses the fixed resolution of your choice.
Auto-Steps calculations vary for 24/7 and conventional markets in order to achieve the proper target of minimum intrabars.
You can choose to view the intrabar resolution currently used to calculate delta volume. It is the default.
The proper selection of the intrabar resolution is important. It must achieve maximal granularity to produce precise results while not unduly slowing down calculations, or worse, causing runtime errors.
8 — Markers
Six markers are available:
1. Combined Balances Agreement : All three Bar Balances are either bullish or bearish.
2. Up or Down % Agrees With Bar : An up marker will appear when the percentage of up intrabars in an up chart bar is greater than the specified percentage. Conditions mirror to down bars.
3. Divergence confirmations By Price : One of the four types of balance calculations can be used to detect divergences with price. Confirmations occur when the bar following the divergence confirms the balance bias. Note that the divergence events used here do not include neutral intrabar events.
4. Balance Transitions : Bull/bear transitions of the selected balance.
5. Markers Bias Transitions : Bull/bear transitions of the Markers Bias.
6. Divergence Confirmations By Line : Marks points where the line first breaches a divergence level.
Markers appear when the condition is detected, without delay. Since nothing is plotted in realtime, markers do not appear on the realtime bar.
9 — Settings
• Two modes can be selected to dampen the line on the ratio of neutral intrabars.
• A distinct weight can be attributed to the count of the latter half of intrabars, on the assumption that later intrabars may be more important in determining the outcome of chart bars.
• Allows control over the periods of the different moving averages used in calculations.
• The default periods used for the various calculations define the following hierarchy from slow to fast:
Balance Averages: 50,
Balance Momentum: 20,
Dual Up/Down Averages: 20,
Marker Bias: 10.
█ LIMITATIONS
• This script uses a special characteristic of the `security()` function allowing the inspection of intrabars—which is not officially supported by TradingView.
• The method used does not work on the realtime bar—only on historical bars.
• The indicator only works on some chart resolutions: 3, 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours, 1 day, 1 week and 1 month. The script’s code can be modified to run on other resolutions, but chart resolutions must be divisible by the lower resolution used for intrabars and the stepping mechanism could require adaptation.
• When using the "Line vs Divergence Levels — Dual Color Gradient" color mode to fill the line, background or chart bars, keep in mind that a line calculation mode must be defined for it to work, as it determines gradients on the movement of the line relative to divergence levels. If the line is hidden, it will not work.
• When the difference between the chart’s resolution and the intrabar resolution is too great, runtime errors will occur. The Auto-Steps selection mechanisms should avoid this.
• Alerts do not work reliably when `security()` is used at intrabar resolutions. Accordingly, no alerts are configured in the indicator.
• The color model used in the indicator provides for fancy visuals that come at a price; when you change values in Inputs , it can take 20 seconds for the changes to materialize. Luckily, once your color setup is complete, the color model does not have a large performance impact, as in normal operation the `security()` calls will become the most important factor in determining response time. Also, once in a while a runtime error will occur when you change inputs. Just making another change will usually bring the indicator back up.
█ RAMBLINGS
Is this thing useful?
I'll let you decide. Bar Balance acts somewhat like an X-Ray on bars. The intrabars it analyzes are no secret; one can simply change the chart's resolution to see the same intrabars the indicator uses. What the indicator brings to traders is the precise count of up/down/neutral intrabars and, more importantly, the calculations it derives from them to present the information in a way that can make it easier to use in trading decisions.
How reliable is Bar Balance information?
By the same token that an up bar does not guarantee that more up bars will follow, future price movements cannot be inferred from the mere count of up/down/neutral intrabars. Price movement during any chart bar for which, let's say, 12 intrabars are analyzed, could be due to only one of those intrabars. One can thus easily see how only relying on bar balance information could be very misleading. The rationale behind Bar Balance is that when the information mined for multiple chart bars is aggregated, it can provide insight into the history behind chart bars, and thus some bias as to the strength of movements. An up chart bar where 11/12 intrabars are also up is assumed to be stronger than the same up bar where only 2/12 intrabars are up. This logic is not bulletproof, and sometimes Bar Balance will stray. Also, keep in mind that balance lines do not represent price momentum as RSI would. Bar Balance calculations have no idea where price is. Their perspective, like that of any historian, is very limited, constrained that it is to the narrow universe of up/down/neutral intrabar counts. You will thus see instances where price is moving up while Balance Momentum, for example, is moving down. When Bar Balance performs as intended, this indicates that the rally is weakening, which does necessarily imply that price will reverse. Occasionally, price will merrily continue to advance on weakening strength.
Divergences
Most of the divergence detection methods used here rely on a difference between the bias of a calculation involving a multi-bar average and a given bar's price direction. When using "Bar Balance on Bar" however, only the bar's balance and price movement are used. This is the default mode.
As usual, divergences are points of interest because they reveal imbalances, which may or may not become turning points. I do not share the overwhelming enthusiasm traders have for the purported ability of bullish/bearish divergences to indicate imminent reversals.
Superfluity
In "The Bed of Procrustes", Nassim Nicholas Taleb writes: To bankrupt a fool, give him information . Bar Balance can display lots of information. While learning to use a new indicator inevitably requires an adaptation period where we put it through its paces and try out all its options, once you have become used to Bar Balance and decide to adopt it, rigorously eliminate the components you don't use and configure the remaining ones so their visual prominence reflects their relative importance in your analysis. I tried to provide flexible options for traders to control this indicator's visuals for that exact reason—not for window dressing.
█ NOTES
For traders
• To avoid misleading traders who don't read script descriptions, the indicator shows nothing in the realtime bar.
• The Data Window shows key values for the indicator.
• All gradients used in this indicator determine their brightness intensities using advances/declines in the signal—not their relative position in a fixed scale.
• Note that because of the way gradients are optimized internally, changing their brightness will sometimes require bringing down the value a few steps before you see an impact.
• Because this indicator does not use volume, it will work on all markets.
For coders
• For those interested in gradients, this script uses an advanced version of the Advance/Decline gradient function from the PineCoders Color Gradient (16 colors) Framework . It allows more precise control over the range, steps and min/max values of the gradients.
• I use the PineCoders Coding Conventions for Pine to write my scripts.
• I used functions modified from the PineCoders MTF Selection Framework for the selection of timeframes.
█ THANKS TO:
— alexgrover who helped me think through the dampening method used to attenuate signal lines on high ratios of neutral intrabars.
— A guy called Kuan who commented on a Backtest Rookies presentation of their Volume Profile indicator . The technique I use to inspect intrabars is derived from Kuan's code.
— theheirophant , my partner in the exploration of the sometimes weird abysses of `security()`’s behavior at intrabar resolutions.
— midtownsk8rguy , my brilliant companion in mining the depths of Pine graphics. He is also the co-author of the PineCoders Color Gradient Frameworks .
Pivot Point SupertrendHello All,
There are many types of SuperTrend around. Recently I thought about a Supertrend based on Pivot Points then I wrote "Pivot Point SuperTrend" script. It looks it has better performance on keeping you in the trend more.
The idea is behind this script is finding pivot point, calculating average of them and like in supertrend creating higher/lower bands by ATR. As you can see in the algorithm the script gives weigth to past pivot points, this is done for smoothing it a bit.
As I wrote above it may keep you in the trend more, lets see an example:
As an option the script can show main center line and I realized that when you are in a position, this line can be used as early exit points. (maybe half of the position size)
While using Pivot Points, I added support resistance lines by using Pivot Point, as an option the script can show S/R lines:
And also it can show Pivot Points:
When you changed Pivot Point Period you can see its reaction, in following example PP period is 4 (default value is 2). Smaller PP periods more sensitive trendlines.
Alerts added for Buy/Sell entries and Trend Reversals. (when you set alerts use the option " Once Per Bar Close ")
ENJOY!
Yield Curve Percent Inverted**************************************************************************************************
Yield Curve Percent Inverted Indicator
This indicator will check all fifty-five Treasury Bond Yield spreads - every combination from
1-month up to 30-year - and then graph the percentage of spreads which are inverted.
Yield curve inversion occurs when the longer-duration bond pays a lower yield than the shorter-
duration bond. Longer-dated bonds normally pay a higher yield because the investor's money is
committed for a longer period of time. Inversion occurs when investors have little confidence
in the near-term economy and demand higher rates for short-term investments.
Historically, a few months ahead of a recession this percent-inverted value will spike up into
the 60%-70% range - you can see this behavior in 1989, 2000, 2007, and 2019. (Note that there
is no data available on Trading View prior to 1987.)
**************************************************************************************************
Gap Filling Strategy Gaps are market prices structures that appear frequently in the stock market, and can be detected when the opening price is different from the previous closing price, this is why gaps are also called "opening price jumps". While gaps can occur frequently, some of them are more significant than others, and can be observed when looking at a long term chart.
The following strategy is based on the exploitation of significant gaps occurring during a new session, and posses various options that can return a wide variety of results.
Type Of Gaps And Occurence
I'am not a professional when it comes to gaps, but as you know the stock market close for the day, however it is still possible to place orders, your broker will hold them until the market open back. Once the market reopen the broker execute the pending orders, and when many orders where pending the market register really high volume and the price might differ from the precedent close.
Gaps are generally broken down into four types:
Common : Gaps occurring within a certain price range, mostly occurs during ranging markets.
Break Away : Gaps breaking a support and resistance, making a new higher high/lower low.
Runaway : Gaps occurring within a trend, followed by a continuation of the trend.
Exhaustion : Gaps occurring at the end of a trend, followed by a reversal.
As said before, some gaps are more significant than others, the significance of a gap can be determined by comparing the opening price with the previous high/low price and by looking at volume. Significant up gaps will have an opening price greater than the previous high, while significant down gap will have an opening price lower than the previous low with both high volume accompanying them.
After a gap, when the price go back to the point previous to the gap we say that it has been "filled", this characteristic is what will be exploited in this strategy.
Strategy Rules & Logic
In this strategy, the significance of a gap is determined by the position of the opening price relative to the previous high/low and make sure the bar following the gap don't fill it.
When the setting invert is set to false the strategy interpret the detected gaps as being exhaustion gaps, therefore when an up gap occur a short position is opened, when a down gap occur a long position is opened. When invert is set to true gaps are considered to be runaway or break away gaps, therefore the contrary positions are opened. Positions are exited when the gap has been filled, which in the chart is show'n when the price cross the red level who act as either a take profit (invert = false) or as a stop loss (invert = true).
There are various closing conditions available that the user can select from the "close when" setting.
New Session : This option close all previous positions when the market is in a new session.
New Gap : This option close all previous position when a new gap has been detected.
Reverse Position : This option close all previous position when a contrary position to the current one is opened. This option would reduce the number of trades.
Testing On Some Stocks
The analysis will be tested in different tech stocks with a main TF of 15 minutes with no spread and commissions applied. Default settings will be used. We'll be making our first analysis using AMD, who has recently formed a full reverse HS pattern, where the neckline has been crossed by the price. (by the way i have a bad feeling about it, hey ! feeling filling ! Lame jokes!)
Profit: $ -12.22
Trades: 272
Profitability: 65.07 %
We can see negative results, with an heavily decreasing balance. Using invert would return positive results.
We will now test the strategy on NVDA, the company is one of the biggest when it comes to the Gpu market.
Profit: $ -215.54
Trades: 297
Profitability: 60.27 %
Not better, using invert would of course create better results. Like AMD the balance is heavily decreasing.
Finally we will test the strategy on Seagate technology, a company mostly known for their mechanical hard drives.
Profit: $ -4.32
Trades: 261
Profitability: 65.9 %
Here the balance does not appear so heavily decreasing and even managed to reach back the initial balance before going down again.
Summary
A strategy based on gap filling has been briefly introduced and tested with 3 tech stocks. The results show that using invert option might be better. The advantage of this strategy against ones using technical indicators is that this one does not heavily depend on user settings, which make it way more efficient, this a big advantage of patterns based strategies.
Thx to LucF for helping with the "process_orders_on_close" element, since i had to use closing price i had to remove it tho, was afraid results would differ even more from a more realistic backtest. And thx for those who continuously support me, more cool stuff is coming up.
Thx for reading and i hope you'll have learned something new today !
SPY Expected Move by VIXThis indicator shows 1 and 2 standard deviation price move from the VWAP based on VIX. Implied Volatility (IV) is being used extensively in the Option world to project the Expected Move for the underlying instrument. VIX is used as a proxy for SPY's IV for 30 days.
This indicator is meaningful only for SPY but can be used in any other instrument which has a strong correlation to SPY.
inwCoin Martingale Strategy ( for Bitcoin )** Same as my previous martingale script but this version = opensource **
inwCoin Martingale Strategy is the proof of concept strategy that in the end, anyone who using martingale strategy will kaboom their portfolio.
For those who don't know what is "martingale".. it's a simple double down strategy in the hope to cover the loss in previous entry.
Example
In the game that if you win, you'll get 100% of your bet money back.
1st loss = 1$
2nd loss = bet 2$ : if win, get 2$ / real profit = 1$ ( 2-1 )
3rd loss = bet 4$ : if win, get 4$ / real profit = 1$ ( 4 - ( 2+1) )
4th loss = bet 8$ : if win, get 8$ / real profit = 1$ ( 8 - ( 4+2+1 ) )
...
...
10th loss = bet 512$ : if win, get 512$ / real profit = 1$ ( 512 - ( 256+128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1) )
as you can see, the next bet will be first bet x 2^(n-1)
and the profit will equal to your first bet.
==================
In trading and forex EA ( Expert Advisor or bot ) people use this strategy to fool newbies that their martingale system will generate steady income for eternity.
But in reality, this strategy will destroy your whole portfolio eventually some time in the future. Because there will be some "Blackswan event" in market at some point in time. And one who ignore this fact, will lose everything.
But, if you using low risk strategy and generate some profit from your low-risk portfolio. You can take small chunk of that profit and put it in riskier strategy like this martingale, to accerelate your profit snowball.
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Parameter Explaination
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Price = datasource for indicator calculation
Fixed position size option = if uncheck, the "Start position size" parameter will be % of your initial capital. If checked, it will fixed position size ( like 1 BTC )
Start Position Logic = condition to enter first trade
- MACD singal > 0 : Self explanatory, default macd value
- Stochastic RSI cross up : enter when sto line cross up from bottom ( 20 )
- ATR channel : enter trade if price cross above 2.3 ATR
Take Profit Percent = take profit target % from average entry
Start martingale ..= if price compare to average position entry less than this %, it will start to double down ( martingale )
Martingale Multiplier = you can specific how big you'll double down, default is 2
Trade Direction = long only for now
Use date rang = self explanatory
** make sure to setup your initial capital in properties tab **
On chart
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White Line = Average position price
Orange Line = your current equity
If equity less than 0, it will close any remaining positions ( It's mean your position got liquidated )
If price > equity line for "take profit percent" it will close any remaining positions.
=======
As you can see, this strategy survive 2018 drop and pump profit to 1000+% ( Check in the strategy tester tab > list of trades )
But in May 2020 -50% drop in just 3 days, your whole portfolio got liquidated.
Actually, after some digging in profit and backtest result.
This strategy, when it can survive a shape drop, can generate a lot of profit.
So, if you want to use martingale. Make sure to use only small chunk of your profit from "low-risk" strategy to accelerate your profit generation ( aka degen port )
DO NOT greedy and use all of your initial capital or borrowed money to use with this strategy!
Dynamic Money FlowDynamic Money Flow is a volume indicator based on Marc Chaikin's Money Flow with a few improvements.
It can be used to confirm break-outs and trends.
Zero line crosses and divergences can provide useful signals while considering chart analysis as well.
Two weaknesses of CMF have been already fixed by Colin Twiggs (IncredibleCharts)...
1.CMF uses Chaikin's accumulation/distribution line to calculate the flow of money.
Accumulation/distribution line does not take the gaps into account. This can be solved using true range.
I call it true accumulation/distribution.
2.Oscillators have a tendency to center because of averaging calculations.
DMF is average of flowing volume divided by average of total volume. This means indicator plots the change of first factor compared to the other one. In Simple Averaging method every data is given an equal weight thus when the last data drops it will have heavy impact on the averages and the change of them.
It is much easier to identity these impacts after the drop of very high or very low data... So reducing the weight exponentially is a better option.
3.There is something else with CMF... changes of close price is ignored, because the formula only compares close price to its range.
To include the movements of close beside the close to range comparison, the distance between two last close prices should be compared to true range as well.
So volume can be distributed between close to range comparison (True Accumulation/Distribution) and close to close comparison automatically. And then results are summed to have a single multiplier.
An example for how close to close comparison affects DMF...
Or here you can see how lower wicks keep TMF (same as CMF in this case) from crossing zero line while price is trending down.
Fearzone PanelFearZone is strategy described in the book (Swedish):
"Framgångsrik Aktiehandel" by: Peter Nilsson, Jonny Torsell, Johan Hellström
Idea: FearZone tries to indicate when a stock has fallen to a level where
fear, instead of common sense, control the further development.
It is only intended for (very) short trades.
Suggestion: Enter a trade (at your own risk) when all columns are green.
Exit as soon as profit is made, but no longer than 5 periods has lasted.
Enhanced Time Segmented VolumeTime Segmented Volume was developed by Worden Brothers, Inc to be a leading indicator by comparing various time segments of both price and volume. Essentialy it is designed to measure the amount of money flowing in and out of an instrument.
Time Segmented Volume was originally ported to TradingView by user @liw0 and later corrected by user @vitelot. I never quite understood how to read Time Segmented Volume until I ran across a version by user @storma where they indicated when price would be long or short, but that code also utilized the incorrect calculation from user @liw0.
In an effort to make Time Segmented Volume more accessible and easier to read, I have re-coded it here. The calculations are based on the code from @vitelot and I have added direction indicators below the chart.
If the histogram (TSV) is greater than zero and greater than the moving average, price should be moving long and there will be a green box below the chart.
If TSV falls below the moving average while still being greater than zero, the trend may be exhausting and has been coded to read Price Action Long - FAILURE with a black x below the chart.
If the histogram (TSV) is less than zero and less than the moving average, price should be moving short and there will be a red box below the chart.
If TSV rises above the moving average while still being less than zero, the trend may be exhausting and has been coded to read Price Action Short - FAILURE with a black x below the chart.
At times, the moving average may be above zero while TSV is below zero or vice versa. In these situations the chart will indicate long or short based on whether or not TSV is greater or less than zero. It is possible a new trend may be forming as the moving average obviously lags, but also possible price is consolidating with little volume and causing TSV to oscillate close to zero.
More information regarding Time Segmented Volume can be found here: www.worden.com
Original code ported by @liw0
Corrected by @vitelot
Updated/Enhancements by @eylwithsteph with inspiration from @storma
As always, trade at your own risk.
COVID Statistics Tracker & Model Projections by Cryptorhythms😷 COVID-19 Coronavirus Tracker & Statistics Tools by Cryptorhythms 😷
📜Intro
I wanted to put some more meaning behind the numbers for 2020's Covid pandemic. I hope this tool can help people analyze and deal with these hard times. With these metrics I hope to give greater depth and dimension to whats available. While also at the same time creating something that looks decently presentable and gives actionable information.
I had planned on including a few forecasting models and letting the user play with values to see how social distancing works. But alas I couldnt complete those in the scope of time I gave myself for the indicator. If you are interested in collaborating on it, I will share what I have with you and we can further work on it.
📋Description
The script contains 3 main parts you will interact with. I suggest you enable the chart labels for "indicator name" and "indicator last value" to make the charts more readable (right click on the scale of your chart and goto the "labels" pop out menu). Depending on what plots and data you choose to chart, logarithmic and regular scales can both be applied in different situations. To get similar visuals to the examples I will show below, you can goto the indicator options > style tab. I then play with the line styles, colors and transparencies to achieve the nice looking charts. Please also note there is a distinction between "Infected" and "Infectious". A model telling you the number of infected doesnt designate whether that person can still pass the virus on to others (infectious). So Infectious numbers are usually lower than total confirmed, but this isnt always the case if for example a country wasnt testing very much during the early phase or something else.
🚧Disclaimer
I am not a medical professional and none of this should be considered medical advice. All of the models, numbers and math I sourced from professional places but this is not a guarantee of the future only an approximation based on current information. Numbers change daily and so can these models!
🌐PART ONE
In this area you select a region to read the proper statistics data from tradingview. You can do global totals, country totals, or for a few places (AU, CA, CN, US) you can see state/province totals. Remember to SELECT ONLY ONE region.
🧮PART TWO
The Plots/Stats/Data section includes:
1. ) Plot the Days to Double Number of Confirmed
2. ) Plot the Infection Growth Ratio
3. ) Plot Fatality Risk Rate (Total Deaths / Total Outcomes)
4. ) Plot Overall Fatality Rate / Recovery Rate
5. ) Plot % of World Infected & % of USA Infected
6. ) Plot Daily New Deaths, Confirmed & Recovered
7. ) Plot Daily Change Percentages
🎱PART THREE
Forecasting Models and Settings:
1 .) Plot the % of Custom Population Infected (Vs. the Region Selected in Part 1 of Settings)
2 .) Plot the True Num. of Infectious (Death Model / DM)
3 .) Plot the Current and Next Weeks Cumulative Infection Projection (DM)
4 .) Plot Estimated Infection Rates? (DM)
5 .) Enable Basic Trajectory Projection?
6 .) Plot the Likelihood of > 0 **Infectious** in a Group (DM) for Today, Tomorrow and Next Week
7 .) Plot the True Num. of Infected (Confirmed/Tested Model)
8 .) Plot the Estimated Epidemiology for 7 and 14 Days Out (Hospital Beds, ICU Beds, Ventilator Units)
Planned But not completed
9.) SIR Epidemiology Model
10.) Exponential Growth Plot & Correlation
To use the Estimator for likelihood of Infected in N group of people you need to do 2 things. Select and use "Custom Population" as the population source for part 3. Then you need to enable "Custom Infected" as the source for the model. Then you enter your geographical area's population and confirmed cases. Its best to goto the smallest / most granular level of data available to accurately estimate the likelihood. So for instance in the order of least effective to most effective data source: global, country, state, county, city...etc.
If you do not understand what these terms or numbers represent, please read the source materials I have linked in the code, or use google. I dont have the time or expertise to explain all the various specific methods and terms included here. This entire project was a learning journey for me and I have zero experience in epidemiology so please excuse any errors I may have made. (and tell me, so I can change it!)
🔮Future Additions
If anyone has a model or stat they would like included I will be happy to add your code to this toolbox to make it more effective and give you credit here in the description. If you want to collaborate please message me.
📊Some Example Charts:
The Cryptorhythms Team wish you and your families all the absolute best of health!
P.S. Stay safe and act smart I dont think this will be the EOTW.
Williams Fractal Trailing StopsUnlike the built-in version, you can configure how many bars it takes to confirm a fractal. This indicator plots all Williams high and low fractals, and a stop line that trails the fractals up and down. Includes long and short stop alerts. You can choose whether the trail flips long-short based on the price being exceeded within a candle or on candle close. This indicator deals only with fractals and doesn't get into the Alligator or anything else.
I've commented it extensively, so that it might be useful for people learning Pinescript. Enjoy!
LUBEThis is a chart meant for 30m BTCUSD but could be used for many other assets, and there are inputs to play with.
I decided on the strange title "LUBE" because I was measuring how many of the previous 500 bars had the current price level already been in. I wanted to discover when the price was in a new zone or an area that it hadn't spent much time in recently... the LUBE zone.
Think of the blue line as showing you the current level friction. If the blue line is high, price is quagmired and not moving quickly. Price could trend sideways for a while before breaking out. A high blue line is a high traffic zone for trading. When the blue line dips low, it's encountering a price zone the asset has not been observed in recently, and this could mean price could break out and move more freely and quickly when it does. We get a trade entry signal if the blue line dips below the bottom white line. The bottom white line is currently set to -10. Think about the lowest the blue line has been recently as 0, and the highest as 100. It is set by default (for BTCUSD 30m chart) to -10 meaning the blue line has to dip a little (-10%) below the lowest it has experienced recently to initiate a trade. This is the LUBE zone. The bottom white line shows that level. Again this is a level lower than the lowest amount of friction experienced in price action for the last 100 bars, but offset by 5 bars showing where that level was at 5 bars ago. We want to dip below that to initiate a trade.
The direction to trade in is determined by a very quick moving weighted moving average (variable name is "fir") to see if the recent trend is up or down. To end a trade, an arbitrary number between 0 and 100 is picked telling us when we are experiencing enough friction again to end the trade. I have it preset to 50 (think of it as 50/100 or half way between the white bars. At a 50% friction level it's time to get out of the trade.
Some shortcomings are missing the bulk of big moves, and experiencing whipsaws where price action zips up and then comes straight back down. Overall the backtest looks sweet enough to use on 2x leverage, experiencing a 17.78% max drawdown at the time of publishing. I wouldn't push the leverage any higher.
To get alerts change the word "strategy" to "study" and delete lines 60-67.
Bot traders using alerts: beware the alert conditions. If a trade goes directly from long to short (which happens rarely), without closing a trade first, it might not act properly. If you use bots to trade, for "LONG" please close any old trades first before putting in instructions to open a leveraged long. To go "SHORT" please remember to close any old trade first as well, and things *should* work out just fine.
Good luck, have fun, and feel free to mess up and butcher this code to your own liking. I'm not responsible if anything bad that happens to you if you use this trading system, or for any bugs you may encounter.
Fancy Triple Moving Averages [BigBitsIO]This script is for three moving averages with as many features as I can possibly fit into a single moving average.
Features:
- Three moving averages (MA1, MA2, MA3).
- Standard MA inputs.
- MA type.
- MA period.
- MA price.
- MA resolution (time frame).
- Visibility toggle.
- MA Candle Type
- Fancy MA inputs.
- Toggle to show only candles included in the MA calculation ("Highlight inclusion") or display entire MA history.
- Toggle to show a ghost trail when Highlight inclusion is toggled on. Displays a shaded version of past MA history before the inclusion period (as seen on snapshot).
- Toggle to show forecast values for the MA.
- Other inputs related to forecasting:
- Forecast bias. (Neutral forecasts MA if the current price remains the same.)
- Forecast period.
- Forecast magnitude.
*** DISCLAIMER: For educational and entertainment purposes only. Nothing in this content should be interpreted as financial advice or a recommendation to buy or sell any sort of security or investment including all types of crypto. DYOR, TYOB. ***
Auto Adjust To Ideal Pearson's R OscillatorThis is meant to be a partner indicator to "Linear Regression - Auto Adjust To Ideal Pearson's R (Min & Max)" which can be found under my profile on the scripts I have made.
It's important the the ideal Pearsons R + and - ideal ranges are the same as the other script so you can visualize the results better and what is going on. I set them to default to 0.85 for strong confidence levels.
This simply graphs what the Pearsons's R Long Term Trend (Red) and Short Term Trend (Green) are doing. I noticed that they tend to oscillate in predictable ways.
The white line signifies low confidence level in a trend and usually means there is sideways trading going on.
If you are unfamiliar with Pearson's R then below will help:
+ Pearsons R means there is a downtrend
- Pearsons R means there is an uptrend
The closer the value is to 1 the more sure it's a downtrend.
The closer the value is to -1 the more sure it's an uptrend.
For this reason I colored the bottom lines 'green' to indicate buying zones and 'red' for the top lines to indicate potential shorting zones.
If you look at this indicator in replay mode in tandem with my other indicator you will see they work well together to help you identify long term trends.
The default values are 48 and 360 for the minimum allowed length of a trend and maximum length. If you find the script is to slow you can change these but make sure you do it for the values on the other script as well so they line up.
As always the code is open source.
Trend Following MAs 3DHello All,
This is Moving Averages Trend Following 3D indicator. The idea is based on direction of MAs and relation between 20 moving averages (5 to 100 period).
Option to show different type of MAs: EMA, SMA, RMA, WMA, VWMA.
As I haved tested it looks succesful at calculating trend direction and trend strength.
For a better look I tried to make it 3D, it looks good I think, waiting comments ;)
Some screenshots:
By using RMA type:
When it gets tiny it means there is no trend:
An example for down trend:
ENJOY!
(JS) Squeeze Pro OverlaysSo this was something I planned on doing in the future, I knew it would take some time to put together but here it is, the Squeeze Pro 2 Overlays.
On my original Squeeze Pro, I had made several overlay indicators to go along with it, this time my goal was to combine all that stuff into a single indicator and allow the user to turn on and off the specific features they'd prefer to use. The version illustrated in the preview has everything turned on. What is "everything"? Here's the breakdown...
First of all - the color schemes in the Squeeze Pro match the color schemes in the Overlays indicator, so you can match them up (Color Scheme 3 in example). There are 6 schemes, option 1 is the original Squeeze colors.
There's also an option to make the light squeeze black, rather than white. This is for people who aren't using Dark Mode. It will flip all white to black, to make your charts better to read!
So there are 4 main overlays that can be switched on and off with this indicator, they include;
1. Early Signal Candles
2. BBMA Basis Line
3. Bollinger Bands/Keltner Channel Breaches
4. Signal Arrows
Early Signal Candles
The Early Signal Candles have two parameters, the entry smoothing period and the exit smoothing period.
There is a different type of early entry signal for each type of squeeze.
Low Squeeze generates white dots on the highs of the candles.
Mid Squeeze generates a lime green candle (or purple candle in color scheme 3).
High Squeeze generates a bigger purple circle on the high of the candle.
These three signals are made to mimic the original Early In/Out Candles from John Carter and represent the same thing (they work the same way).
As for the early exit, that would be determined by the color of the candle vs the color of the squeeze, works the same way as the original as well.
BBMA Basis Line
The BBMA (Bollinger Bands Momentum Average) was a moving average I had made to use with the squeeze on the previous version.
It is the basis line of the BB and KC used to make up the Squeeze (a 20 SMA). There are 4 different colors to it on this version.
1. Orange - This means no squeeze.
2. White/Black - Low Squeeze
3. Red - Mid Squeeze
4. Yellow - High Squeeze
You'll also notice these colors are light and dark in different spots - this is a representation of whether the Bollinger Bands are expanding or contracting. Dark means expanding, light means contracting.
Bollinger Bands/Keltner Channel Breaches
This is a pretty simple feature. If there is an ongoing squeeze, and a candle closes above or below the Bollinger Bands or Keltner Channels, a circle appears at the top or the bottom of the chart telling you which way the channel has been breached.
Signal Arrows
This is what makes up most of the overlay indicator. If you turn it on, the default is set to work just like the original. There are lots of options with this though.
First, you can turn each type of Squeeze Arrow on or off by checking/unchecking the boxes for them.
Now allow me to explain the "Signal Length", as there are several options.
The default is "6 Dots", this generates a signal when a particular type of Squeeze reaches the 6th dot ("12 Dots" works the same way).
"End of Squeeze" generates a signal once a type of Squeeze has concluded.
"End of Early Signal" generates a signal when the early dots (or candle) finishes.
"Custom" allows you to select your own dot duration to produce a signal, you select that number in the field below.
The other portion of this is the "Signal Type", this is where you select how each signal is generated once the selected amount of time takes place.
The default is the same as the original "+/-", this generates a signal based on whether Squeeze momentum is positive or negative.
"Rising/Falling" will only generate a signal if the Squeeze momentum maintains consistently over the last 6 bars.
"Crossed Zero" only generates a signal if the Squeeze momentum crosses above or below the zero line.
"Basis Line Momentum" is based on the BBMA. A signal is generated based on whether the current candle closes above or below the basis line.
"Divergence" only generates a signal if there is a divergence signal present at the time of the signal.
"Current Momentum" generates a signal based simply on the current direction of Squeeze momentum.
"Sum of Change" generates a signal based on the sum of the change in the Squeeze momentum being positive (long) or negative (short) over the length of time you select in the "Sum of Change Length" field.
Then "Combo" tries to take a look at everything and generates a score based on these parameters. Positive score = long, negative = short.
I hope I gave a detailed enough explanation on how everything works, let me know if you have any questions! Hope you like it!
Backward Number of BarsThis indicator was written in order to apply bar limit in strategies and it was published as open code so that everyone can use it. When backtesting with stock market api data, we determine how many bars should be, not from which date the data will be drawn. For example, we can draw 1000 bar data from stock exchange and perform the backtest on this data. You can plan your strategy by checking the number of bars you test with the window () == 1 parameter here while checking through Tradingview to check that the test we performed gives correct results.
