ICT New York NY Midnight Open and DividerThis simple indicator plots out ICT's New York midnight open price and a vertical divider at that time.
12am NY time is a key level to watch for daytrading and intraday scalping, often providing entry levels and orderblocks.
The session time may need to be adjusted for different exchanges, but the default is for most of forex.
Индикаторы ширины рынка
Alino Forex SystemInizia a fare qualche spiccio con il forex.
Un indicatore di swing trading è uno strumento di analisi tecnica utilizzato per identificare nuove opportunità. Gli swing trader vogliono trarre profitto dai mini trend che sorgono tra alti e bassi (e viceversa). Per fare ciò, devono identificare il nuovo slancio il più rapidamente possibile, quindi utilizzano indicatori.
Ci sono due tipi di opportunità che uno swing trader utilizzerà per identificare gli indicatori: tendenze e breakout. Le tendenze sono movimenti di mercato a lungo termine che contengono oscillazioni a breve termine. I breakout segnano l'inizio di una nuova tendenza.
Gli swing trader potrebbero utilizzare indicatori su quasi tutti i mercati: inclusi forex , indici e azioni .
Higher Time Frame Chart OverlayHello All,
This script gets OHLC values from any security and Higher/Same time frame you set, then creates the chart including last 10 candles. it shows Symbol name, Time Frame, Highest/Lowest level of last 10 candles and Close Price at the right side of the chart as well. Closing price text color changes by the real-time candle of the related symbol and time frame. The all this was made using the Tables in Pine and the chart location doesn't change even if you change the size of main chart window.
Almost everything can be change as you want. You can change/set:
- Colors of Body and Top/Bottom Wicks separately
- The Height of each Cell
- The Width of Body and Wicks
- The Background and Frame color
- Enable/disable Status Panel (if you disable Status Panel then only candle chart is shown)
- Location of Status Panel
- Text color and Text size
- The Background color of Status Panel
Some examples:
The info shown in Status Panel:
You can change The Height of each Cell and The Width of Body and Wicks
You can change colors:
You can change location of the chart:
If you add the script more than once then you can see the charts for different symbols and time frames: (This may slow down your chart)
If you right-click on the script and choose "Visual Order" => "Bring to front" then it will be better visually:
P.S. Using this script may slow down your chart, especially if you add it more than once
Enjoy!
LPB MicroCycles StrategyWhat it is:
We use the Hodrick-Prescott filter applied to the closing price, and then take the outputted trendline and apply a custom vwap, the time frame of which is based on user input, not the default 1 day vwap . Then we go long if the value 2 bars ago is greater then one bar ago. We sell and color the bars and lines when the if the value of 2 bars ago is less than one bar ago.
Also included:
GUI for backtesting
ATR Based Stop Loss
How to use:
Go long when the indicators suggest it, and use the stop losses to reduce risk.
Best if paired with a volatility measurement (inside candles, average true range , bollingerband%B)
MTF Bullish/Bearish IndicatorThe script plots a bullish/bearish indicator by evaluating a variety of moving averages for a security across multiple timeframes. It's derived from built in Technical Analysis indicator published by TradingView. The result of evaluation is plotted on the chart in green light/red light format in a configurable location.
evaluated moving averages include
- SMA 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200
- EMA 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 200
- Hull MA 9
- VWMA 20
- Ichimoku Cloud
moving averages are evaluated at chart timeframes and 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 120 min, 240 min, and daily by default but can be customized.
OBV MA StrategyThe On Balance Volume + Moving Average Strategy
Parameters: 1H candles, ETHUSDT on BINANCEUS, commission percent uses Binance's maker/taker fees of 0.075%
Strategy: I create a 30 day moving average of the On Balance Volume "obvSma = ta.sma(ta.obv, 30)." Then I use the following buy conditions:
OBV crosses above the OBV moving average
The obv drops x% below the OBV moving average (buy a dip)
The OBV moving average is rising, the OBV is greater than the OBV moving average and the OBV is rising
The first buy condition is attempting to buy into an uptrend. When the OBV rises above the OBV moving average, people are buying and it's a good time to enter the trade.
The idea behind the second buy condition is to buy a dip so make sure you are careful to not set it too shallow or you'll end up buying the dip before the dip before the dip. :) I recommend 10% or more.
The third buy condition is there in case our trailing stop takes us out of a trade but the trend is still rising, we don't want to miss out on that profit so if the OBV is above the OBV moving average, the average is rising and the OBV is rising, we are likely in the middle of an uptrend and we should buy in.
FARAZ.MATI20vA personal indicator.
This indicator has the following features :
Thanks to the managers and administrators of TradingView site for the appropriate space with wide facilities for optimal use. All (indicators) were available on the site and I only defined certain settings for them.
FARAZ.MATI20v
EMA: 5
SMA : 20
SMA : 50
Collision and interruption of Moving 20 by Moving 5 can be the beginning of an upward trend. Provided that the Moving 5 is placed under the candles. (The best signal for the Moving 5 is to collide with the Moving 20 under the candles). Also, the collision of the Moing 5 with the Moing 20 on top of the candles can be a sign of falling. Especially if this collision occurs above the candles.The cut of the Moving 20 and the Moving 50 indicate the intensity of the wave. If Moving 20 is above Moving 50 in this collision, it shows the intensity of the uptrend and if it is below Moving 50, it shows the intensity of the downtrend.
SMA : 100
SMA : 200
Both (resistance and support) are very strong, which is very effective in larger timeframes (such as 1 day).
HMA : 20
To determine the entry point. In such a way that whenever the seeds (HMA) are below the candlesticks. 3 seeds are in ascending position. The body of the candle and the shadow should not touch them. It can be a good signal to enter. Also if the seeds are placed on top of the candlesticks. Show the descending direction of 3 seeds. Provided that the body of the candle and the shadow have not hit them. It is a signal for the short position.
SAR : With the applied settings, it is a kind (trending view) that can evaluate the volume of input to any currency much sooner and determine the probability of rising or falling. If our wave lines (stairs) are at the bottom of the candles, it means an upward trend, and if they are at the top of the candles, it means a downward trend. As the volume of inputs increases, the trend increases, and as the volume of inputs decreases, the trend will also decrease.
Ichimoku Cloud : To determine the lines (support and resistance) the peaks formed by the cloud can represent a resistance area. Price To cross the area marked by the Ichimoku cloud must have a strong candle. This can be very effective in determining the point of entry and purchase.
zig zag : For better diagnosis of the process. Using it to determine areas of support and resistance can be useful. Determining the points of the Fibonacci table is also very effective.
TradingGroundhog - Strategy & Fractal V1#-- Public Strategy - No Repaint - Fractals -- Short term
Here I come with another script, more simple than Wavetrend V1. You will love it.
#-- Synopsis --
Another simple idea, on a small time frame (15 min) we buy when the opening price goes below a Bottom fractals and sell when it goes over a Top fractals, but as this script do not use Wavetrends. You should stop by your self to use the script during long lasting downtrends.
I developed the strategy using BTC /EUR 3 MIN BINANCE but it can be applied to many other cryptos, I don't know for forex or others. You can use it for short term (to a month of uptrend) and automated trading.
#-- Graph reading --
And now, how to read it ?
Fractals:
Yellow Flags occur when the opening price goes below a Bottom fractal , it means Buy.
White Flags appear when the opening price goes over a Top fractal , it means Sell.
#-- Parameters --
*** Parameters have been intensively optimized using 10 cryptocurrency markets in order to have potent efficiency for each of them. I would recommend to only change the Can Be touch parameter. For the others, I don't recommend any modifications. The idea behind the script is to be able to switch between markets without having to optimize parameters, less work, easy to target active crypto and therefor limit the risks. ***
Can be touch :
'Filter fractals' : Activate or Disable the filtering fractal operation. If Enable, buy during less risky periods. (Activate is often better)
Can be touch but not necessary :
'VolumeMA' : The Volume corrector used by the fractals
'Extreme window' : The number of price individuals to look for if we want to remove extreme fractals.
Not to touch :
'Long Sop Loss (%)' : The minimal difference of price between a Fractal bottom and the opening price to buy.
#-- Time frame --
Should be used with the following time frames depending on the necessity:
1 MIN
3 MIN (Preferred with the parameters set)
5 MIN
#-- Last words --
The script can be set up to send Tradingview signals to 3comma just by adding comment = " " in strategy.close_all() and strategy.entry().
Good trades !
Disclaimer (As it should always be one to any script)
***
This script is intended for and only to be used for personal purposes only. No such information provided by it constitutes advice or a recommendation for any investment or trading strategy for any specific person. There is no guarantee presented or implied as to the accuracy of specific forecasts, projections, or predictive statements offered by the script. Users of the script agree that its original developer does not take responsibility for any of your investment decisions. Please seek professional advice before trading.
***
# Here are the results from the 20rst of September 2021 with 100% of equity on the BTC /EUR 3 Min and with a capital of 10 000 EUR. So almost, one month.
# As I saw, it goes from +30% to more than +160% (the great SHIB) depending on the selected crypto. It may be negative if you spot a downtrend.
Volume Difference Delta Cycle OscillatorVolume Difference Delta Cycle Oscillator indicator:
Using the power of my Volume Difference Indicator and standard deviations based on Bollinger Bands and more, we present this wonderful indicator with the following features:
Price Action Histogram: This is the bread and butter of this graph, if the PAH is above 0, this is considered a BULL cycle, and if below 0, this is considered a BEAR cycle. The histogram will move up and down based on the Histagram settings you set in the properties field. Be careful, we advise using default settings.
Custom Overbought & Oversold Lines:mean
These lines can be used to identify when to buy and sell the security, and help you make sense of the action of the histogram. Change the color, size, and linewidth!
These lines are what are used to perform the trades with the strategy as well, so if you change them, they will make an impact on the strategy itself.
EzSpot Background:
Do you want to turn your brain off and just trade when you you're inside an Overbought or Oversold line? Awesome! Turn on EzSpot backgrounds, and when it's green, go long, when it's red go short! Simple as that!
How it works:
By taking the Delta of the Volume Difference Indicator we're able to find the rate of change of the amount of change of volume, allowing us to see changes in volume before price changes. To add onto these, we supercharge it by taking the output of this line as the input source of bollinger bands which we use to output the %B of the Delta of the Volume Difference Indicator.
Separately, we calculate the %B of the current close to use later.
The final step is taking the second %B (which is an indication of where price lies on the curve of historical price data), and from it subtract the first %B, which allows us to visualize the standard deviation of the closing price, minus the standard deviation of Delta of the Volume Difference , which in essence allows us to see when volume changes but price does not and vice versa.
This final output is then plotted along with an over bought and over sold line, which we use to perform our trades on.
Simplified: This indicator shows the cycles of price action - volume based on the rate of the rate of volume changes based on price and the closing price.
Super Simple: Notice when volume increases but price hasn't, and vice versa with this indicator.
Volume Difference IndicatorThis indicator is a simple volume difference indicator.
How it works:
First we calculate the on balance volume, and then we calculate the price volume trend.
For those unaware, the OBV subtracts all volumes when price records a lower close and adds them in the case of a higher price close. In contrast, PVT subtracts or adds only a proportion of the volume from its cumulative total in relation to a percentage change in price.
Using this knowledge, we are using the difference of OBV (the indicator with the entire amount added or subtracted), minus PVT (which subtracts a percent based on the percentage in price), this gives us a unique indicator which out puts a more whole picture of the two indicators. It shows us the difference of absolute volume minus relative volume based on the percent of close price. It allows us to see large shifts in volume BEFORE it happens.
How to use this indicator:
When there is a sharp increase of Volume Difference Indicator, but close has NOT risen, price tends to rise immediately following this. When the Volume Difference Indicator drops, but price has NOT changed, price tends to fall immediately following this.
Baekdoo golden diamond signalHi forks,
I'm trader Baekdoosan who trading Equity from South Korea. This Baekdoo golden Diamond signal indicate good buying position to trade.
Here's the ideas
1. Soaring volume happen with big white candle.
a. Soaring volume can be measured for highest volume in certain period of time (default value is for 1 year). (blue area)
b. Soaring volume can also be measured by 10% of certain period of time(default value is for 1 year)'s cumulative volume . (green area) => you can adjust this ratio input. the higher value is the more likely to trail of whale
2. Drops under 5 days lowest price without volume . (red area) => I put half of average volume as default but you may can adjust it (the lower value is the more likely to soar again)
3. cross over 5 days highest price after 1, 2 conditions => Golden Diamond
underneath of this idea is, big chunk of the money comes and correction is on going but major whale's amount hold tight.
you can modify input values based on your investigation. It works well on day chart as well as minute chart. for the area with breaks plots are to checking the 1,2 conditions. so for final indicator will only be shown from this indicator but you can select plots if you think that is useful.
hope this will help your trading on equity as well as crypto. I didn't try it on futures . Best of luck all of you. Gazua~!
BBPBΔ(OBV-PVT)BB - Time Series Decomposition & Volume WeightedThis is an indicator that shows 5 different points of information:
#1 The Trendline is uses a time-series decomposition to remove noise and seasonality data to provide a trendline without using moving averages. This is then further processed by a custom VWAP block that weights it based on the time frame you're currently using.
#2 BB%B - This is the blue histogram that's partially transparent. This is used to find when a security is overbought or oversold.
#3 BB%B of the Δ(OBV-PVT). This is the green histogram. We took the OBV and subtracted the PVT from it, then we found the delta of that compared to the previous candle. This output a line, which we wrapped in bollinger bands to find the BB%B of this line. This line is represented as a histogram, for visual clarity.
#4 Long and Short Indicators: Long is represented by a green dot, and short is represented by a red dot.
#5 Zones - there are multiple zones, which are used to identify overbought and oversold zones.
How to use the indicator:
Simple way: Long on green dot, Short on red dot. Use stop losses and take profits.
Slightly More Complex: Same as above, but also close out longs, when the green histogram drops but the blue does not. As this means price action hasn't caught up with volume. Use stop losses and take profits.
Full Usage: Long only when both the green, blue and yellow lines are below 0, and sell when the blue or green histogram rises above 1. Perform the opposite for the shorting. Ignore the dots if you use this method, they are for simple reference points til you get used to this indicator. Use stop losses and take profits.
Baekdoo Golden Diamond signalHi forks,
I'm trader Baekdoosan who trading Equity from South Korea. This Baekdoo golden Diamond signal indicate good buying position to trade.
Here's the ideas
1. Soaring volume happen with big white candle.
a. Soaring volume can be measured for highest volume in certain period of time (default value is for 1 year). (blue area)
b. Soaring volume can also be measured by 10% of certain period of time(default value is for 1 year)'s cumulative volume. (green area) => you can adjust this ratio input. the higher value is the more likely to trail of whale
2. Drops under 5 days lowest price without volume. (red area) => I put half of average volume as default but you may can adjust it (the lower value is the more likely to soar again)
3. cross over 5 days highest price after 1, 2 conditions => Golden Diamond
underneath of this idea is, big chunk of the money comes and correction is on going but major whale's amount hold tight.
you can modify input values based on your investigation. It works well on day chart as well as minute chart. for the area with breaks plots are to checking the 1,2 conditions. so for final indicator will only be shown from this indicator but you can select plots if you think that is useful.
hope this will help your trading on equity as well as crypto. I didn't try it on futures . Best of luck all of you. Gazua~!
CDC DivergencesA handy little indicator to help identify different kinds of convergences/divergences
The indicator compares price movements with the momentum and volume movements, Hidden divergences are left out, at least in the first version, because I wanted this indicator to be as simple as possible.
The divergences are shown with labels, user can change the momentum/volume indicator used to identify divergences in the settings.
3rd WaveHello All,
In Elliott Wave Theory, 3rd wave is not the shortest one in the waves 1/3/5 and it's usually longest one. so if we can catch it then we may get good opportunities to trade. This script finds 3rd wave experimentally. it can be also the 3rd waves in the waves 1, 3, 5, A and C. the 3rd wave should have greater volume than other waves, the script can check its volume and compare with the volumes of the waves 1 and 2 optionally.
Pine Team released Pine version 5! This script was developed in v5 and it uses Library feature of Pine v5 for the zigzag functions. This script is also an example for the Pine developers who learn Pine v5 and Libraries.
Options:
Zigzag Period: is the length that is used to calculate highest/lowest and the zigzag waves
Min/Max Retracements: is the retracement rates to check the wave 2 according to wave 1. for example; if min/max values are 0.500-0.618 then wave 2 must be minimum 0.500 of wave 1 and maximum 0.618 of wave 1.
Check Volume Support: is an option to compare the volumes of1. 2. and . waves. if you enable this option then the script checks their volume and 3rd wave volume must be greater then 1 and 2
there are 4 options for the targets. you can enable/disable and change their levels. targets are calculated using length of wave 1.
Options to show breakout zone, zigzag, wave 1 and 2.
and some options for the colors.
The Library that is used in this script:
P.S. This is an experimental work and can be improved. So do not hesitate to drop your comments under the script ;)
Enjoy!
Silen's Financials P/E & P/S[x10] RatesThis script aims to give a better visualization of P/E and P/S rates compared to the build-in "Price to earnings ratio" and "Price to sales ratio" in the "Financials" Section of Tradingview. For those of you don't know, those rates compare earnings and sales with your share price in regard to market cap and outstanding shares.
The scripts differs to the build-in versions in the following points:
- P/E & P/S rates are combined in one indicator
- Negative P/E rates are displayed better: Positive P/E rates are green, Negative P/E rates are red
- For visualization reasons, the indicator will cap positive and negative P/E rates at 100. (P/E rates above those levels are not siginificant either way)
- P/E & P/S rate are directly displayed on the graph
- Both P/E and P/S rates are combined on one left scale
- For visualization reasons, P/S rate is showing 10x the actual P/S rate. Using the standard P/S rate would result in hard-to-recognize changes of the P/S line.
To sum up:
- Positive P/E rates are green
- Negative P/E rate are red
- P/S rates are multiplied by 1 0
- P/S rates are yellow
How to use P/E and P/S rates:
The US market average for P/E rates is roughly ~18 in the US right now (10/2022) while the market average for P/S rates is roughly ~3 in the US. Note that average P/E and P/S can change when the market situation changes.
P/E and P/S rates help you value your stock better and help you decide whether your stock is undervalued or overvalued compared to the market or the industry when it comes to earnings and sales. If you compare to Market averages, a positive P/E of less than 18 means that your stock is likely unvervalued. A P/S rate below 3 (30 in the chart!) means that your stock is likely undervalued as well. If your stock shows rates above those, it is likely that it is overvalued compared to market averages.
Please note that P/E and P/S rates are not the only factors that make up a stock valuation. Valuations are complex and subjective.
A positive P/E rate also means that your company is profitable.
A Negative P/E rate means that your company is unprofitable.
If you have any questions or feedback let me know!
Disclaimer: This script doesn't show the actual P/S rate. It shows the P/S rate multiplied by 10, due to visualization issues. Positive P/E Rates above 100 are displayed as 100. Positive P/E rates are green, Negative P/E rates are red and multiplied by -1.
Disclaimer2: @Tradingview_Team: I couldn't find the right category for this script but categories are mandatory. I assume that "Breadth Indicators" is still the closest there is. Please let me know if you want me to change the category.
Disclaimer3: For visualization, the opacity of the displayed image is 70%. The standard opacity for the P/E and P/S lines is 50% and can be changed in the indicator settings. I found this setting more useful when working together with other indicators on the same chart
Disclaimer4: Earnings Per Share, Total Revenue used are TTM. Total Shares Outstanding used are FQ.
Nifty yield curveREAL-CASE SCENARIO:-
IN10Y(10yr yield t- bill) are govt. backed bonds provide basic interest or coupon rate. If the coupon rate falls below (yield =(1/price) the coupon rates of 3 month bond IN03MY(3m yield t- bill), investors are pessimistic about future growth of the economy.
This pessimistic behavior can be seen in the graph when change in background color.
While optimistic behavior scenario when investors no longer interested in long-term bonds and dumping 10Y T-bills causing yields to raise above short term 3m T-bill .
OBV RSI TunTuneCombination of OBV and RSI.
Use as RSI like normal way. You can add another indicator as Bollinger Band for more power .
Mid to High daily % - MA & ThresholdPurpose of this script is to provide a metric for comparing crypto volatility in terms of the % gain that can be garnished if you buy the midpoint price of the day and sell the high***. I'm specifically using bots that buy non-stop. This metric makes it easy to compare crypto coins while also providing insight on what a take profit % should be if I want to be sure it closes often instead of getting stuck in a position.
Added a few moving averages of (Mid-range to High Daily %). When these lines starts to trend down, it's time to lower the take profit % or move on to the next coin.
Decided to add a threshold so I could easily mark where I think the (Mid-range to High Daily %) is for most days.
Ex. I can mark 10% threshold and can eyeball roughly ~75% of the days in the past month or so were at or above that level. Then I know I have plenty volatility for a bot taking 5% profit. Also if you have plenty of periodic poke-through that month (let's say once a week) you might argue that you can set it to 7% if you're willing to wait about that long. Either way this metric is conservative because it is only the middle of the range to the high, a less conservative version might provide the % gain if you bought the day low and sold the day high.
***Since this calculation only takes the middle of the range and the high of the day into account, red days are volatile against a buyer but to your advantage if you are a seller. BUT if you have plenty of safety buy orders this volatility in price only means your total purchase volume increases and when/if you reach a take profit level you sell more there.
Would like to upgrade and add a separate MA line for green days and a separate MA line for red days to discern if that particular coin has a bias. Also would like to include some statistics on how many candles are above or below threshold for a certain period instead of eyeballing.
SAR-adjusted extremesThis indicator shows how far (i.e. the absolute distance) of the extremes (i.e. high & low) are from the current parabolic SAR
Davood Kumothis andicator is build in base of ichimoku cloud.
Select the interval at which the kumo clouds change phase and depending on what time frame we are in, we give the time inputs to the indicator.
then, the indicator calculates the area of the cloud and set the ascending and descending targets when price break the highest or lowest candle in that time range.
So entry point is the highest and lowest candle and first and second targets are determined by the indicator.
note : i used this andicator only in crypto market not forex and it works well
world stage indexThis is an indicator that expresses the ratio of "stage1" and "stage4" of world index.
40 symbols are as follows
(JAPAN, US, EUROPE, and CANADA)
OSE:NK2251!, DJ:DJI, NASDAQ:IXIC, SP:SPX, XETR:DAX, TVC:CAC40, TVC:UKX, TSX:TSX
(ASIA)
TVC:SHCOMP, SZSE:399001, TVC:HSI, TWSE:TAIEX, BSE:SENSEX, OANDA:SG30SGD, INDEX:KSI, SET:SET
(EUROPE)
INDEX:SX5E, INDEX:FTSEMIB, SIX:SMI, BME:IBC, EURONEXT:BEL20, TVC:AEX, OMXCOP:OMXC25, XETR:0Q5X
(Pacific Ocean)
ASX:XJO, TVC:NZ50G, IDX:COMPOSITE, FTSEMYX:FBMKLCI, BMFBOVESPA:IBOV, BMV:ME, BVL:SPBLPGPT, BYMA:IMV
(Eastern Europe & Middle East)
MOEX:IMOEX, GPW:WIG20, OMXHEX:OMXH25, OMXSTO:OMXS30, DFM:DFMGI, TADAWUL:TASI, OSE:GNRI, EGX:EGX30
The criteria are as follows:
EMA5≧EMA20≧EMA40 : Stage1
EMA5≦EMA20≦EMA40 : Stage4
A.The sum of Stage1 was multiplied by 2.5 and drawn on a scale of 0 to 100, with yellow area
B.The Sum of Stage4 was multiplied by 2.5 and drawn on a scale of 0 to 100, with blue area.
C. The ratio of A/B was multiplied by 2.5 and drawn on a scale of 0 to 100, with red lines.
This idea is from Kojirou Kousi.
40 symbols of this script are partially different from Kojiro kousi's idea.
But he said the difference isn't matter.
「小次郎講師指数」に着想を得た、世界40カ国の株価指数stage状態です。
参考文献は、小次郎講師著書「世界一わかりやすい投資の勝ち方」です。
小次郎講師とは一部異なるシンボルを採用していますが、
多少の違いは余り大した問題では無いと御本人から教わった事があります。
先進国に関してはおそらくほとんど同じだと思います。
stage1の合計の%を黄色、stage4の合計の%を青色、stage1の合計/stage4の合計の%を赤で表示しています。
雰囲気で分かればいいので、正確な数字までは表示しませんでした。
個人的には現状分析以外にも、プラクティス時に世界情勢を把握するのに重宝しています。
Recent High/Low Dots by Alejandro PSimple indicator that plots a dot in the chart when a candle breaks the high of the past X candles.
This is useful to easily visualize when the market is coming out of a range and making fresh highs or lows relative to the past X candles.
It can be used in trend following systems as an additional filter for validation.
